The article examines the political science issues of dialogue as a way to mutual understanding of cultures that have not yet been sufficiently studied in the socio-political literature. The article examines in more detail the sociological aspects of the issues of dialogue – the way to mutual understanding of cultures: the concept of dialogue, mutual understanding of cultures, etc. The article notes that dialogue is also possible at a spatial or temporal distance, but the most effective dialogue is live, «eye to eye». The subsequent one gives many times more information to the participants of the dialogue than written, Internet, television or radio communication, although «technical» forms of communication are important. This dialogue is aimed at revealing the essence of the other's position, and not proving one's rightness. The essence of the dialogue is the path to mutual understanding of people and cultures. Practice shows that a frank dialogue not only enriches its participants, but also reveals some common positions that were not previously realized by the participants of the dialogue. Thus, the dialogue brings together participants and cultures. Consequently, such a dialogue leads to mutual understanding of cultures. At the same time, the article also pays attention to controversial issues.