In the context of the emerging global world order, the United States and China, as the two most influential major powers, are increasingly engaging in political and economic competition in Central Asia. This article will examine this topic from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Moreover, the significance and theoretical origins of the emerging global world order are revealed, the roles and positions of the US and China within this order are defined, and the impact on their political and economic competition in Central Asia is analyzed. The article details the political and economic rivalry between China and the United States in Central Asia for an in-depth understanding of the dynamics of their competition. On the political front, the United States tends to use diplomatic means to counter China's rise by strengthening its geopolitical strategic position to counterbalance China's influence in the region. On the economic front, China is using its advantage in cross-border investment and high consumer demand to compete with the United States in trade and economic cooperation in Central Asia. In conclusion, recommendations will be offered that the United States and China should enhance policy coordination to strengthen strategic cooperation. This article has positive implications for deepening China-U.S. political and economic cooperation in Central Asia and promoting regional stability.