The article examines the development of e-commerce in the Republic of Kazakhstan as not only an economic but also an institutional and social process. The purpose of the study is to assess comprehensively the current dynamics, structural constraints, and long-term prospects of trade digitalization. Methodologically, the research relies on secondary data analysis, including official statistics of the Bureau of National Statistics of Kazakhstan for 2022–2024, payment statistics of the National Bank of Kazakhstan, and analytical reports of the OECD, the World Bank, and UNCTAD. The data are interpreted through dynamic, comparative-institutional, and socio-economic analysis. The findings demonstrate that in 2022–2024 the share of e-commerce in total retail trade increased from 12.5% to 14.1%, while market volume rose from KZT 1,963.5 billion to KZT 3,156.4 billion. At the same time, the share of marketplaces expanded from 56.9% to 84.9%, indicating a clear trend toward platformization. In 2024, 87% of the population’s payment transactions by volume were cashless, reflecting the institutional maturity of digital payment infrastructure. However, the study also reveals persistent digital divides between urban and rural areas, uneven logistics quality across regions, and insufficient trust and legal certainty as factors constraining inclusive e-commerce growth. The article concludes that sustainable development of e-commerce in Kazakhstan requires stronger competition policy, enhanced data security, balanced development of logistics and telecommunications infrastructure, and the improvement of entrepreneurs’ digital capabilities.