The article is devoted to the study of the influence of socio-economic inequality on the formation of regional identity in Kazakhstan and its relationship with national unity. The work analyzes theoretical approaches, including the "core-periphery" model of Immanuel Wallerstein, the concepts of "thick" and "thin" identities, as well as the theory of "invented traditions" by Eric Hobsbawm. Attention is paid to the issues of integrating local identities into the national discourse in the context of regional differences and globalization processes. The purpose of the study is to identify how socio-economic imbalances between regions, especially between large cities (Almaty, Astana, Shymkent) and rural areas, affect the identity of citizens. The empirical analysis uses statistical data on the gross regional product, standard of living, migration, access to education and health care. Content analysis of official reports and comparative analysis of regional differences are also used. The results of the study confirm that the economic dominance of the central regions increases socio-economic inequality, forming marginalization in the periphery. This contributes to the strengthening of local identity, which may conflict with the national one, especially in conditions of limited access to resources. However, cultural heritage and regional identity can become the basis for consolidation of society when implementing strategies for harmonizing local and national values. The findings of the article emphasize the need for public investment in the development of rural regions, the introduction of inclusive educational programs and the stimulation of cultural initiatives. This will transform regional identity from a barrier into a resource for strengthening national unity, which is especially important in the context of globalization and modernization.