Child trafficking in Kazakhstan is a pressing issue that gravely violates human rights, threatening both societal stability and national security. Although the protection of children’s rights is regulated at the global level through international conventions and national legislation, within the country socio-economic, cultural, and legal factors continue to contribute to the growth of child trafficking. In this context, the relevance of the study is determined by the need to identify the main political and social factors affecting child trafficking in contemporary Kazakhstan. The aim of the study is to analyze the official criminal statistics for the period 2018–2022, to determine the causes and characteristics of child trafficking, to assess the effectiveness of state policy, and to develop recommendations for preventing this crime. The methodological basis of the research includes comparative legal analysis, historical and political review, statistical data processing, and systematic political analysis. The study relies on official data from the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan, national legislation, and international legal documents. The results of the study show that child trafficking primarily affects socially vulnerable groups. Between 2018 and 2022, there was a significant increase in the number of criminal cases related to child trafficking, and the COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated this phenomenon. Despite the measures undertaken at the state level, legal gaps and social inequality remain key obstacles to reducing child trafficking. The findings emphasize the need to improve state policy and strengthen international cooperation in combating this crime.